Synopsis: Learners with intellectual disabilities face classroom barriers involving curriculum access, communication, peer relationships, daily routines, and available resources. This article explains how individualized planning, accessible instruction, flexible assessment, and coordinated support can address these challenges. Detailed classroom examples illustrate…
This article explains the foundations of educating learners with intellectual disabilities by examining intellectual functioning, adaptive behavior, developmental onset, and individualized support needs. It presents a social ecological approach to assessment, curriculum, systematic instruction, inclusive education, family partnership, self determination, and transition planning. The discussion emphasizes learner strengths, meaningful participation, educational equity, independence, and belonging.
Synopsis: This article examines how stigma and stereotypes shape the education, participation, and sense of belonging of learners with intellectual disabilities. It explains how low expectations, paternalism, cultural beliefs, and school routines may produce subtle discrimination. It also presents inclusive…